Part 2 of 4 Now this wasn't expected. This just isn't what is supposed to happen. So what John did was he said "Dave, I'm going to heat it to the anhydrous dioxide, I'm going to cool it down. I'm going to take one third of the sample and put it in a sealed vial. I'm going to put the rest of the sample back in the tube furnace and heat it up under oxygen, cool it back down, purge it with inert gas, heat it back up under hydrogen to reduce away the oxides and the hydrogen reacts with oxygen forming water and clea ns the metal. I'll cool that down to the gray-white powder. I'll take half of that and put it in another sealed vial. I'll take the rest of the powder and put it back in the furnace. I'm going to oxidize it, and hydro-reduce it and anneal it to the w hite powder. Then I will put it into a vial and send all three vials to Pacific Spectrochem over in Los Angeles, one of the best spectroscopic firms in the U.S. The first analysis comes back. The red-brown dioxide is iron oxide. The next material comes back; silica and aluminum. No iron present. Now just putting hydrogen on the iron oxide has made the iron quit being iron and now it has become silica and alu minum. Now this was a big sample. We just made the iron turn into silica and aluminum. The snow white annealed sample was analyzed as calcium and silica. Where did the aluminum go? John said "Dave my life was so simple before I met you." He said "t his makes absolutely no sense at all." He said "what what you are working with is going to cause them to re-write physics books to re-write chemistry books and come to a complete new understanding. John gave me his bill, it was a hundred and thirty thousand dollars which I paid. But he said "Dave, I have separated physically and I have checked it chemically fifty different ways and you have four to six ounces per ton of palladium, twelve to fourte en ounces per ton of platinum, a hundred fifty ounces per ton of osmium, two hundred fifty ounces per ton of ruthenium, six hundred ounces per ton of iridium, and eight hundred ounces per ton of osmium. The exact same numbers that the spectroscopist had told me were there. It was such an incredible number that John said "Dave, I've got to go to the natural place where this stuff comes from and I've got to take my own samples. So he went up and actually walked the property and took his own samples, pu t it in a bag, brought them back to the laboratory, pulverized the entire sample and then started doing the analysis on what is called the master blend sample which represented the whole geology and he got the same numbers. We worked on this from 1983 until 1989. One Ph.D. chemist, three masters chemists, two technicians working full time. Using the Soviet Academy of Sciences, the U.S. Bureau of Standards-Weights and Measures information as a starting point we literally l earned how to do qualitative and quantitative separations of all of these elements. We learned how to take commercial standards and make them disappear. We learned how to buy rhodium tri-chloride from Johnson, Mathew & Ingelhardt as the metal and we le arned how to break all the metal-metal bonding until it literally was a red solution but no rhodium detectable. And it was nothing but pure rhodium from Johnson, Mathew. We learned how to do this with iridium, we learned how to do it with gold, we learned how to do it with osmium, we learned how to do it with ruthenium. And what we found when we actually purchased a machine called high pressure liquid chromatography. And for your information this person named John [Sycapose?] was the man who actually wrote his Ph.D. thesis at Iowa State University on how to build this instrument. He conceptualized building this instrument back in 1963-64. After he graduated some of the graduate students there took that technology and developed it and eventually Dow Chemical came in and bought it. Dow went ahead and commercialized it and now it is the most sophisticated chemical separation that the world has. It's computer controlled, all high pressure and you can do very precise separations with it. Because this is the man who conceptualized, designed it, told them what the limitations would be, eventually, on it he was the ideal man to take the techn ology and perfect it. So we were able to use their basic technology and develop a separation system for taking the rhodium tri-chloride (we actually separated five different species in the commercial rhodium tri-chloride). What this is all about is the word "metal" is like t he word "army". You can't have a one man army. The word metal refers to a conglomerate material. It has certain properties, electrical conductivity, heat conduction and all these other aspects of it. When you dissolve the metals in acid you get a solution that is clear without solids. You assume it's a free ion but when you are dealing with Nobel elements it's still not a free ion, it's still what is called cluster chemistry. Back since the 1950's there has been a whole area of research in colleges called cluster chemistry; catalytic materials. But what happens is the metal-metal bonds are still retained by the material. So if you buy rhodium tri-chloride from Johnson, Matt hew and Engelhardt you are actually getting Rh 12 Cl 36 or Rh 15 Cl 45. You really aren't getting RhCl 3. There is a difference between the metal-metal bonding material and the free ion. And so what you are buying when you buy it is cluster chemistry; you are not getting free ions. When you put it in for analytical instrumentation to analyze it, it is actually analyzing the metal-metal bonds of the cluster. It is not really analyzing the free ions. I heard that General Electric was building fuel cells using rhodium and iridium. So I made contacts with their fuel cell people back in Massachusetts and traveled back there to meet with them. They had three attorneys meet with us and the GE people wer e there. The attorneys were there to protect the GE people because a lot of people say they have technologies and they meet with them then after the meeting they sue them claiming that GE stole their technology. Then to defend themselves GE has to divu lge what their technology really is. So GE is very skeptical when you say that you have something new. They bring in their high faluting attorneys to really screen you. After about an hour they said "these guys are for real. You attorneys can leave". Because they had had the explosions also. They knew that when they buy the commercial rhodium tri-chloride that it analyzes very well. But to make it ready to go into t heir fuel cells they have to do effusions on it using salt effusions where they melt the salt and put the metal in with it to disperse it further. They know when they do that that the metal doesn't analyze as well any more. So when we told them that we had material that didn't analyze at all they could conceive how this was possible. They had never seen it but they said we are interested. Now these are the people who build analytical instrumentation, GE. They said "Dave, why don't you just make a bunch of rhodium for us and send it to us and we'll mount it in our fuel cell technology. [What is the mechanism of conversion of monatomic rhodium to metallic rhodium in these fuel cells?] We'll see if it works in a place wh ere only rhodium works. No other metal has ever been found which will perform the catalysis in the hydrogen evolving technology of the fuel cell other than rhodium and platinum. And rhodium is unique compared to platinum because rhodium does not poison with carbon monoxide and platinum does. They said "Dave we will just run it to see if it's a hydrogen evolving catalyst and if it is then we will see if it is carbon monoxide stable and if it is then it's rhodium or it's a rhodium alternative. So we worked for about six months and refined tha t amount of material and we re-refined it and re-refined it. We wanted to be absolutely sure that this was really clean stuff. We didn't want any problems with this. We sent it back to Tony LaConte at GE. GE by that time had sold their fuel cell technology to United Technologies who already had a fuel cell technology. So all the GE fuel cell people had to go work for United Technologies and since United Technologies already had their in house people the GE people were not integrated into the existing teams. So all the GE people were junior people. They weren't senior any more. So after a certain period of months they all quit and left United Technologies. Well Jose Geener, who was the head of fuel c ells at United Technologies, quit also and went to set up his own firm called Geener Incorporated in Waltham Massachusetts. Tony and all the GE people went with him. By the time our material gets there they've their own company set up in Waltham Massachusetts so we contract with them to build the fuel cells for us. When our material was sent to them the rhodium, as received, was analyzed to not have any rhodium in i t. Yet when they mounted it on carbon in their fuel cell technology and ran the fuel cell for several weeks it worked and it did what only rhodium would do. And it was carbon monoxide stable. After three weeks they shut the fuel cells down and they take the electrodes out and sent them back to the same place that said there was no rhodium in the original sample and now there is over 8% rhodium in the rhodium. What happens is it begins to nuc leate on the carbon. It actually begins to grow metal-metal bonds. So now there was metallic rhodium showing on the carbon where before there was no rhodium. So these GE people said "Dave, if you are the first one to discover this, if you are the first one to explain how to make it in this form, if you are the first one to tell the world that it exists, then you can get a patent on this.'" I said "I'm not int erested in patenting this." Then they told me that if someone else discovered it and patented it, even though I was using it every day, they could stop me from doing it. I said "well, maybe I should patent it." So in March of 1988 we filed U.S. and wo rld wide patents on Orbitally Rearranged Monatomic Elements. Now that is a mouth full, so to make it short we called it ORMES. You have ORME gold, ORME palladium, ORME iridium, ORME ruthenium, ORME osmium or ORMES. When we were doing this patent procedure the patent office said "Dave, we need more precise data, we need more exact data, we need more information about this conversion to this white powder state. So one of the problems we had is when you make this wh ite powder and you bring it out into the atmosphere, it really starts gaining weight. I'm not talking about a little bit of weight, I'm talking about 20-30%. [This is not explained elsewhere. What does it mean?] Now that normally would be called abso rbtion of atmospheric gasses; the air is reacting with it and causing weight gain but not 20 or 30 percent. But nonetheless we had to answer the patent office. We had to come up with exact data for the patent office. So what we did is use this machine called thermo-gravimetric analysis. This is a machine that has total atmospheric control of the sample. Yo u can oxidize it, hydro-reduce it and anneal it while continually weighing the sample under a controlled atmosphere. Everything is all sealed. We were getting short on funding and couldn't afford to buy one so we leased one from the Bay Area from [Bere an] Corporation. They sent it in to us and we set it up on computer controls. We heated the material at one point two degrees per minute and cooled it at two degrees per minute. What we found is when you oxidize the material it weighs 102%, when you hydro-reduce it it weighs 103%. So far so good. No problem. But when it turns snow white it weighs 56%. Now that's impossible. When you anneal it and it turns white it only weighs 56% of the beginning weight. If you put that on a silica test boat and you weigh it, it weighs 56%. If you heat it to the point that it fuses into t he glass, it turns black and all the weight return. So the material hadn't volitized away. It was still there; it just couldn't be weighed any more. That's when everybody said this just isn't right; it can't be. Do you know that when we heated it and cooled it and heated it and cooled it and heated it and cooled it under helium or argon that when we cooled it it would weigh three to four hundred percent of it's beginning weight and when we heated it it would act ually weigh less than nothing. If it wasn't in the pan, the pan would weigh more than the pan weighs when this stuff is in it. Keep in mind these are highly trained people running this instruentation and they would come in and say take a look at this. This makes no sense at all. Now this machine is so precisely designed and controlled that they actually have a magnetic materia l that you can actually put into this machine that is non magnetic when it goes in the machine and at 300 degrees it becomes magnetic. It actually is a strong magnet. Then after you get up to 900 degrees it looses it's magnetism. And you can actually see if the interreaction of the magnetism with the magnetic field of the heating element caused any change in weight. The heating element is bi-filar wound. It goes round and round the sample then you reverse it and wind it right back up so all the current runs against itself all the time. So when a wire flows electricity there is a magnetic field that forms around it but then you run the wire right next to it going in the other direction it forms a magnetic field in the other direction and the idea is that the two fields will cancel. Now this is the kind of wiring that is used in a television to cancel all magnetic fields. The designers of this machine wanted to eliminate all magnetic field aspects to this. When we put the magnetic material in the sample and ran it with the magnetic material there was no response at all; there was no change in weight when the material bec ame magnetic or lost it's magnetism. Yet when our material is put in there and it turns white it goes to 56% of its beginning weight. If you shut the machine off and let it cool it is exactly 56%. If you heated it it would go less than nothing and if you cooled it it would go three to four hundred percent but it always goes back to a steady 56%. Now we contacted [Berean] in the Bay Area and said "look this just doesn't make any sense". There's something wrong with this machine; I mean something isn't right. Every time we use the machine it works fine unless we make the pure mono-atomic materia l and when we do it turns snow white and doesn't work correctly any more. And [Berean] looked over our results and said "you know Mr. Hudson if you were working with the cooling of the material we would say it is superconducting. But inasmuch as you ar e heating the material we don't know what you've got." I decided well, I have had to learn chemistry and I have had to learn physics and now I've got to learn the physics of superconductors. So I borrowed a bunch of graduate books on superconductivity and I began to read about superconductors. One thing we did is we took our white powder; now if this is a superconductor we should be able to put this white powder down on the table and should be able to hook up a volt meter here to it. You know your volt meter has got two electrodes and you put it on a wire and turn on the battery pack and it tells you the resistance in the wire. Well if you touch the powder with one electrode on one end and the other on the other end and turn on the electricity you just figure the needle is going to go bong, just like this, right? Perfect conductivity, right? Nothing, zilch, nothing; no conductivity at all. So we think what's going on here? So what we found out is that the definition of a superconductor is that it does not allow any voltage potential or any magnetic field to exist inside the sample. So by definition a superconductor will not allow any voltage potential to exist inside the sample. To get electricity off of a wire requires voltage and to get electricity back on the wire requires a volt age. So it cannot receive electricity from a wire, it cannot receive the energy of the superconductor back on the wire without voltage. So now I know your question is "so what the heck good is this stuff?" If you can't get energy into it and you can't get energy back out of it, what the heck good is it? Well what you come to find out is that in the superconductor there is a single freq uency of light, just like a laser, that is flowing perpetually inside the superconductor. And when it flows inside the superconductor it produces around it what is called a Meissner field which is unique to superconductors. A Meissner field excludes al l external magnetic fields from the sample. What color must it be? It has to be white. Anything that excludes all light from the sample has to be white. Anything that absorbs all light has to be black. [How does this statement square with the flash in the pan from exposure to sunlight?] If it reflects all light it has to be white; now I'm talking about a pure single element superconductor. It has to be white when it is superconducting. [Check this out] What you have to do is you have to take a radio frequency transmitter and you have to resonance frequency tune the superconductor to match the frequency of the wire. [More likely tune the wire to match the superconductor]. So the wire now is oscillatio n with its electron waves exactly the same as the superconductor. At that point the electronic pair can go on the superconductor with no push at all. Because electrons are continually moving over here on the wire and they are seeking the path of least resistance. And so when you have them in perfect synchronization with the superconductor they go on with no push at all as pairs. Now this takes a little explaining because one spin one half electron plus one spin one half electron are two particles. Yet when these two particles become perfectly paired as mirror images of each other they loose all particle aspects and they become nothing but pure light. This doesn't make sense either, does it? But that's the way it is. Spin one half plus spin one half gives you spin one which now is pure light. Trust me it is so. So they can't go on as individual electrons, they go on as lig ht. Now the crazy thing about electrons is that one electron can exist in one space time and if it moves to another space time it gives off light or absorbs light. It's moving from one space time to another. Now we have light, which is two electrons. Ligh t doesn't exist in any space time. You can put 50 billion lights all in the same space time and it is OK. Now we don't have a conductor. A conductor you put electricity on the wire, you got to take the electricity off or it won't flow. You've got to ground it, right? With a super conductor it's not. It can go on and go on and go on and go on and go on an d go on and go on and go on and go on and go on and go on and go on and it doesn't have to come off. Now if you want to take it off you have to put a wire next to it and you have to resonance frequency tune the wire to match the superconductor. And whe n it's in perfect harmony you apply a voltage and poof off goes the energy. So if you literally can make a superconductor that stretches from Portland to New York City and you put energy on over here for two or three or four days. You don't have to take it off over there. It's ok you can keep putting it in. And when they want it in New York they can resonance frequency tune the wire, apply voltage and suck it out. It gets a free ride from Portland all the way to New York. On this quantal wave of the superconductor, as light not electricity. How do you measure it if it has no voltage in it? How is it possible to get a machine that can measure this light? And guess what, it can't be done. Cause every piece of instrumentation man has ever figured out always uses a differential it must refle ct and yet a superconductor has no voltage. You literally start the superconductor flowing by applying a magnetic field. It responds to the magnetic field by flowing light inside of it and building a bigger Meissner field around it. You can put your magnet down and walk away. You come back a hundred years later and it is still flowing exactly the same as when you left. It doesn't ever slow down. It excludes, not 99.9999, it excludes 100.000000 of all external magnetic fields. Th ere is absolutely no resistance in the sample; it is perpetual motion. It runs for ever and ever and ever and ever. The Russian physicist Sakarov said in the 1960s that we are looking for gravity and we are never going to find it as a magnetic field. Gravity is what is produced when protons, neutrons and electrons inter-react with the vacuum energy. That energy that is everywhere in the universe, timeless. That energy that is there like the ether. When you pump out all heat and all matter; everything, there still is energy there. It's called the vacuum energy. When the protons, neutrons and electrons inter-reac t with that energy they produce gravity. If there is no matter, there is no gravity. Interesting theory. Everyone kind of ignored it for a while. Then this fellow by the name of Hal Puthoff down in Texas who began life over here in the Bay Area in California doing distant viewing experimentation. Now he's working down in Austin, Texas. [H. E. Puthoff wor ks at the Institute for Advanced Studies at Austin in Austin, Texas.] And he actually developed the mathematics for Sakarov's theory of gravity. He published this in 1993 in one of the top science journals. [It was actually published in the March 1, 1 989 issue of Physical Review A. The paper is titled "Gravity as a zero-point-fluctuation force" by H. E. Puthoff.] In the mathematics (he actually does all his mathematical calculations) it figures out that when matter begins to react in two dimensions, as opposed to inter-reacting in three dimensions, (which by definition a superconductor is a resonance coupled quan tum oscillator resonating in two dimensions, not three dimensions) he comes up with the mathematics which shows when it begins to inter-react in two dimensions that it should theoretically loose four ninths of its gravitational weight. Did you know that five ninths is 56%, exactly. -=-=- end 2/4 -=-=-